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null (Ed.)Executive Summary ● As the Biden-Harris administration recommits the US to the Paris Agreement, a robust national net zero emissions strategy, integrated with local and corporate decarbonization targets, will ensure the nation achieves its climate goals. A new nationwide survey of current net zero climate commitments reveals the following: ● The US has a broad foundation of local net zero ambition on which to build a robust national decarbonization pathway. At least 53% of Americans live in a jurisdiction with a subnational net zero target. Furthermore, US companies accounting for at least $5.2 trillion in yearly sales have committed to net zero. ● Discrepancies in the quality of these targets highlight the need for strong federal leadership to raise the bar for existing subnational and corporate targets and spur further ambition to meet the goals laid out in the Paris Agreement.1 ● Existing state, local and private sector targets require improved alignment in governance mechanisms, consideration of equity and use of offsets. ● To achieve net zero emissions in the US by 2050 in an equitable, just, and leastcost manner, the White House Climate Task Force and Congress should enact policies to strategically strengthen and grow subnational and corporate ambition. In conjunction, subnational and corporate actors must continue to set and improve upon existing targets. ● Our empirical findings indicate a strong basis of support for federal policymakers to implement a robust national net zero strategy. Four key policies will enable government leaders to connect ambition to action: ○ Pledge: Include a robust net zero pledge in the US’ Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) submission that exceeds the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Race to Zero minimum criteria and adopts key leadership practices. These practices include creating a pledge that is codified in law, covers all greenhouse gases across operations and supply chains and includes an interim target of 50% emissions reductions by 2030. ○ Plan: Publish a national net zero roadmap that includes considerations of equity and justice and places constraints on the role of offsets. ○ Proceed: Align economic recovery spending with the aims of the net zero target, develop sector-specific net zero benchmarks and template strategies and mandate net zero alignment as a condition for federal bailouts. ○ Publish: Publish an annual national progress report that includes the progress of subnational commitments.more » « less
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Abstract Many new technologies, such as cancer microenvironment‐induced nanoparticle targeting and multivalent ligand approach for cell surface receptors, are developed for active targeting in cancer therapy. While the principle of each technology is well illustrated, most systems suffer from low targeting specificity and sensitivity. To fill the gap, this work demonstrates a successful attempt to combine both technologies to simultaneously improve cancer cell targeting sensitivity and specificity. Specifically, the main component is a targeting ligand conjugated self‐assembling monomer precursor (SAM‐P), which, at the tumor site, undergoes tumor‐triggered cleavage to release the active form of self‐assembling monomer capable of forming supramolecular nanostructures. Biophysical characterization confirms the chemical and physical transformation of SAM‐P from unimers or oligomers with low ligand valency to supramolecular assemblies with high ligand valency under a tumor‐mimicking reductive microenvironment. The in vitro fluorescence assay shows the importance of supramolecular morphology in mediating ligand–receptor interactions and targeting sensitivity. Enhanced targeting specificity and sensitivity can be achieved via tumor‐triggered supramolecular assembly and induces multivalent ligand presentation toward cell surface receptors, respectively. The results support this combined tumor microenvironment‐induced cell targeting and multivalent ligand display approach, and have great potential for use as cell‐specific molecular imaging and therapeutic agents with high sensitivity and specificity.more » « less
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